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Empirical evaluation of the impact of k-means initialization#

Evaluate the ability of k-means initializations strategies to make the algorithm convergence robust, as measured by the relative standard deviation of the inertia of the clustering (i.e. the sum of squared distances to the nearest cluster center).

The first plot shows the best inertia reached for each combination of the model (KMeans or MiniBatchKMeans), and the init method (init="random" or init="k-means++") for increasing values of the n_init parameter that controls the number of initializations.

The second plot demonstrates one single run of the MiniBatchKMeans estimator using a init="random" and n_init=1. This run leads to a bad convergence (local optimum), with estimated centers stuck between ground truth clusters.

The dataset used for evaluation is a 2D grid of isotropic Gaussian clusters widely spaced.

Evaluation of KMeans with k-means++ init
Evaluation of KMeans with random init
Evaluation of MiniBatchKMeans with k-means++ init
Evaluation of MiniBatchKMeans with random init

# Authors: The scikit-learn developers
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from sklearn.cluster import KMeans, MiniBatchKMeans
from sklearn.utils import check_random_state, shuffle

random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)

# Number of run (with randomly generated dataset) for each strategy so as
# to be able to compute an estimate of the standard deviation
n_runs = 5

# k-means models can do several random inits so as to be able to trade
# CPU time for convergence robustness
n_init_range = np.array([1, 5, 10, 15, 20])

# Datasets generation parameters
n_samples_per_center = 100
grid_size = 3
scale = 0.1
n_clusters = grid_size**2


def make_data(random_state, n_samples_per_center, grid_size, scale):
    random_state = check_random_state(random_state)
    centers = np.array([[i, j] for i in range(grid_size) for j in range(grid_size)])
    n_clusters_true, n_features = centers.shape

    noise = random_state.normal(
        scale=scale, size=(n_samples_per_center, centers.shape[1])
    )

    X = np.concatenate([c + noise for c in centers])
    y = np.concatenate([[i] * n_samples_per_center for i in range(n_clusters_true)])
    return shuffle(X, y, random_state=random_state)


# Part 1: Quantitative evaluation of various init methods


plt.figure()
plots = []
legends = []

cases = [
    (KMeans, "k-means++", {}, "^-"),
    (KMeans, "random", {}, "o-"),
    (MiniBatchKMeans, "k-means++", {"max_no_improvement": 3}, "x-"),
    (MiniBatchKMeans, "random", {"max_no_improvement": 3, "init_size": 500}, "d-"),
]

for factory, init, params, format in cases:
    print("Evaluation of %s with %s init" % (factory.__name__, init))
    inertia = np.empty((len(n_init_range), n_runs))

    for run_id in range(n_runs):
        X, y = make_data(run_id, n_samples_per_center, grid_size, scale)
        for i, n_init in enumerate(n_init_range):
            km = factory(
                n_clusters=n_clusters,
                init=init,
                random_state=run_id,
                n_init=n_init,
                **params,
            ).fit(X)
            inertia[i, run_id] = km.inertia_
    p = plt.errorbar(
        n_init_range, inertia.mean(axis=1), inertia.std(axis=1), fmt=format
    )
    plots.append(p[0])
    legends.append("%s with %s init" % (factory.__name__, init))

plt.xlabel("n_init")
plt.ylabel("inertia")
plt.legend(plots, legends)
plt.title("Mean inertia for various k-means init across %d runs" % n_runs)

# Part 2: Qualitative visual inspection of the convergence

X, y = make_data(random_state, n_samples_per_center, grid_size, scale)
km = MiniBatchKMeans(
    n_clusters=n_clusters, init="random", n_init=1, random_state=random_state
).fit(X)

plt.figure()
for k in range(n_clusters):
    my_members = km.labels_ == k
    color = cm.nipy_spectral(float(k) / n_clusters, 1)
    plt.plot(X[my_members, 0], X[my_members, 1], ".", c=color)
    cluster_center = km.cluster_centers_[k]
    plt.plot(
        cluster_center[0],
        cluster_center[1],
        "o",
        markerfacecolor=color,
        markeredgecolor="k",
        markersize=6,
    )
    plt.title(
        "Example cluster allocation with a single random init\nwith MiniBatchKMeans"
    )

plt.show()