ElasticNet#

class sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNet(alpha=1.0, *, l1_ratio=0.5, fit_intercept=True, precompute=False, max_iter=1000, copy_X=True, tol=0.0001, warm_start=False, positive=False, random_state=None, selection='cyclic')[source]#

Linear regression with combined L1 and L2 priors as regularizer.

Minimizes the objective function:

1 / (2 * n_samples) * ||y - Xw||^2_2
+ alpha * l1_ratio * ||w||_1
+ 0.5 * alpha * (1 - l1_ratio) * ||w||^2_2

If you are interested in controlling the L1 and L2 penalty separately, keep in mind that this is equivalent to:

a * ||w||_1 + 0.5 * b * ||w||_2^2

where:

alpha = a + b and l1_ratio = a / (a + b)

The parameter l1_ratio corresponds to alpha in the glmnet R package while alpha corresponds to the lambda parameter in glmnet. Specifically, l1_ratio = 1 is the lasso penalty. Currently, l1_ratio <= 0.01 is not reliable, unless you supply your own sequence of alpha.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters:
alphafloat, default=1.0

Constant that multiplies the penalty terms. Defaults to 1.0. See the notes for the exact mathematical meaning of this parameter. alpha = 0 is equivalent to an ordinary least square, solved by the LinearRegression object. For numerical reasons, using alpha = 0 with the Lasso object is not advised. Given this, you should use the LinearRegression object.

l1_ratiofloat, default=0.5

The ElasticNet mixing parameter, with 0 <= l1_ratio <= 1. For l1_ratio = 0 the penalty is an L2 penalty. For l1_ratio = 1 it is an L1 penalty. For 0 < l1_ratio < 1, the penalty is a combination of L1 and L2.

fit_interceptbool, default=True

Whether the intercept should be estimated or not. If False, the data is assumed to be already centered.

precomputebool or array-like of shape (n_features, n_features), default=False

Whether to use a precomputed Gram matrix to speed up calculations. The Gram matrix can also be passed as argument. For sparse input this option is always False to preserve sparsity. Check an example on how to use a precomputed Gram Matrix in ElasticNet for details.

max_iterint, default=1000

The maximum number of iterations.

copy_Xbool, default=True

If True, X will be copied; else, it may be overwritten.

tolfloat, default=1e-4

The tolerance for the optimization: if the updates are smaller than tol, the optimization code checks the dual gap for optimality and continues until it is smaller than tol, see Notes below.

warm_startbool, default=False

When set to True, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit as initialization, otherwise, just erase the previous solution. See the Glossary.

positivebool, default=False

When set to True, forces the coefficients to be positive.

random_stateint, RandomState instance, default=None

The seed of the pseudo random number generator that selects a random feature to update. Used when selection == ‘random’. Pass an int for reproducible output across multiple function calls. See Glossary.

selection{‘cyclic’, ‘random’}, default=’cyclic’

If set to ‘random’, a random coefficient is updated every iteration rather than looping over features sequentially by default. This (setting to ‘random’) often leads to significantly faster convergence especially when tol is higher than 1e-4.

Attributes:
coef_ndarray of shape (n_features,) or (n_targets, n_features)

Parameter vector (w in the cost function formula).

sparse_coef_sparse matrix of shape (n_features,) or (n_targets, n_features)

Sparse representation of the fitted coef_.

intercept_float or ndarray of shape (n_targets,)

Independent term in decision function.

n_iter_list of int

Number of iterations run by the coordinate descent solver to reach the specified tolerance.

dual_gap_float or ndarray of shape (n_targets,)

Given param alpha, the dual gaps at the end of the optimization, same shape as each observation of y.

n_features_in_int

Number of features seen during fit.

Added in version 0.24.

feature_names_in_ndarray of shape (n_features_in_,)

Names of features seen during fit. Defined only when X has feature names that are all strings.

Added in version 1.0.

See also

ElasticNetCV

Elastic net model with best model selection by cross-validation.

SGDRegressor

Implements elastic net regression with incremental training.

SGDClassifier

Implements logistic regression with elastic net penalty (SGDClassifier(loss="log_loss", penalty="elasticnet")).

Notes

To avoid unnecessary memory duplication the X argument of the fit method should be directly passed as a Fortran-contiguous numpy array.

The precise stopping criteria based on tol are the following: First, check that that maximum coordinate update, i.e. \(\max_j |w_j^{new} - w_j^{old}|\) is smaller than tol times the maximum absolute coefficient, \(\max_j |w_j|\). If so, then additionally check whether the dual gap is smaller than tol times \(||y||_2^2 / n_{ ext{samples}}\).

Examples

>>> from sklearn.linear_model import ElasticNet
>>> from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
>>> X, y = make_regression(n_features=2, random_state=0)
>>> regr = ElasticNet(random_state=0)
>>> regr.fit(X, y)
ElasticNet(random_state=0)
>>> print(regr.coef_)
[18.83816048 64.55968825]
>>> print(regr.intercept_)
1.451...
>>> print(regr.predict([[0, 0]]))
[1.451...]
fit(X, y, sample_weight=None, check_input=True)[source]#

Fit model with coordinate descent.

Parameters:
X{ndarray, sparse matrix, sparse array} of (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

Note that large sparse matrices and arrays requiring int64 indices are not accepted.

yndarray of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_targets)

Target. Will be cast to X’s dtype if necessary.

sample_weightfloat or array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None

Sample weights. Internally, the sample_weight vector will be rescaled to sum to n_samples.

Added in version 0.23.

check_inputbool, default=True

Allow to bypass several input checking. Don’t use this parameter unless you know what you do.

Returns:
selfobject

Fitted estimator.

Notes

Coordinate descent is an algorithm that considers each column of data at a time hence it will automatically convert the X input as a Fortran-contiguous numpy array if necessary.

To avoid memory re-allocation it is advised to allocate the initial data in memory directly using that format.

get_metadata_routing()[source]#

Get metadata routing of this object.

Please check User Guide on how the routing mechanism works.

Returns:
routingMetadataRequest

A MetadataRequest encapsulating routing information.

get_params(deep=True)[source]#

Get parameters for this estimator.

Parameters:
deepbool, default=True

If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.

Returns:
paramsdict

Parameter names mapped to their values.

static path(X, y, *, l1_ratio=0.5, eps=0.001, n_alphas=100, alphas=None, precompute='auto', Xy=None, copy_X=True, coef_init=None, verbose=False, return_n_iter=False, positive=False, check_input=True, **params)[source]#

Compute elastic net path with coordinate descent.

The elastic net optimization function varies for mono and multi-outputs.

For mono-output tasks it is:

1 / (2 * n_samples) * ||y - Xw||^2_2
+ alpha * l1_ratio * ||w||_1
+ 0.5 * alpha * (1 - l1_ratio) * ||w||^2_2

For multi-output tasks it is:

(1 / (2 * n_samples)) * ||Y - XW||_Fro^2
+ alpha * l1_ratio * ||W||_21
+ 0.5 * alpha * (1 - l1_ratio) * ||W||_Fro^2

Where:

||W||_21 = \sum_i \sqrt{\sum_j w_{ij}^2}

i.e. the sum of norm of each row.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters:
X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Training data. Pass directly as Fortran-contiguous data to avoid unnecessary memory duplication. If y is mono-output then X can be sparse.

y{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_targets)

Target values.

l1_ratiofloat, default=0.5

Number between 0 and 1 passed to elastic net (scaling between l1 and l2 penalties). l1_ratio=1 corresponds to the Lasso.

epsfloat, default=1e-3

Length of the path. eps=1e-3 means that alpha_min / alpha_max = 1e-3.

n_alphasint, default=100

Number of alphas along the regularization path.

alphasarray-like, default=None

List of alphas where to compute the models. If None alphas are set automatically.

precompute‘auto’, bool or array-like of shape (n_features, n_features), default=’auto’

Whether to use a precomputed Gram matrix to speed up calculations. If set to 'auto' let us decide. The Gram matrix can also be passed as argument.

Xyarray-like of shape (n_features,) or (n_features, n_targets), default=None

Xy = np.dot(X.T, y) that can be precomputed. It is useful only when the Gram matrix is precomputed.

copy_Xbool, default=True

If True, X will be copied; else, it may be overwritten.

coef_initarray-like of shape (n_features, ), default=None

The initial values of the coefficients.

verbosebool or int, default=False

Amount of verbosity.

return_n_iterbool, default=False

Whether to return the number of iterations or not.

positivebool, default=False

If set to True, forces coefficients to be positive. (Only allowed when y.ndim == 1).

check_inputbool, default=True

If set to False, the input validation checks are skipped (including the Gram matrix when provided). It is assumed that they are handled by the caller.

**paramskwargs

Keyword arguments passed to the coordinate descent solver.

Returns:
alphasndarray of shape (n_alphas,)

The alphas along the path where models are computed.

coefsndarray of shape (n_features, n_alphas) or (n_targets, n_features, n_alphas)

Coefficients along the path.

dual_gapsndarray of shape (n_alphas,)

The dual gaps at the end of the optimization for each alpha.

n_iterslist of int

The number of iterations taken by the coordinate descent optimizer to reach the specified tolerance for each alpha. (Is returned when return_n_iter is set to True).

See also

MultiTaskElasticNet

Multi-task ElasticNet model trained with L1/L2 mixed-norm as regularizer.

MultiTaskElasticNetCV

Multi-task L1/L2 ElasticNet with built-in cross-validation.

ElasticNet

Linear regression with combined L1 and L2 priors as regularizer.

ElasticNetCV

Elastic Net model with iterative fitting along a regularization path.

Notes

For an example, see examples/linear_model/plot_lasso_coordinate_descent_path.py.

Examples

>>> from sklearn.linear_model import enet_path
>>> from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
>>> X, y, true_coef = make_regression(
...    n_samples=100, n_features=5, n_informative=2, coef=True, random_state=0
... )
>>> true_coef
array([ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        , 97.9..., 45.7...])
>>> alphas, estimated_coef, _ = enet_path(X, y, n_alphas=3)
>>> alphas.shape
(3,)
>>> estimated_coef
 array([[ 0.        ,  0.78...,  0.56...],
        [ 0.        ,  1.12...,  0.61...],
        [-0.        , -2.12..., -1.12...],
        [ 0.        , 23.04..., 88.93...],
        [ 0.        , 10.63..., 41.56...]])
predict(X)[source]#

Predict using the linear model.

Parameters:
Xarray-like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features)

Samples.

Returns:
Carray, shape (n_samples,)

Returns predicted values.

score(X, y, sample_weight=None)[source]#

Return the coefficient of determination of the prediction.

The coefficient of determination \(R^2\) is defined as \((1 - \frac{u}{v})\), where \(u\) is the residual sum of squares ((y_true - y_pred)** 2).sum() and \(v\) is the total sum of squares ((y_true - y_true.mean()) ** 2).sum(). The best possible score is 1.0 and it can be negative (because the model can be arbitrarily worse). A constant model that always predicts the expected value of y, disregarding the input features, would get a \(R^2\) score of 0.0.

Parameters:
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Test samples. For some estimators this may be a precomputed kernel matrix or a list of generic objects instead with shape (n_samples, n_samples_fitted), where n_samples_fitted is the number of samples used in the fitting for the estimator.

yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)

True values for X.

sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None

Sample weights.

Returns:
scorefloat

\(R^2\) of self.predict(X) w.r.t. y.

Notes

The \(R^2\) score used when calling score on a regressor uses multioutput='uniform_average' from version 0.23 to keep consistent with default value of r2_score. This influences the score method of all the multioutput regressors (except for MultiOutputRegressor).

set_fit_request(*, check_input: bool | None | str = '$UNCHANGED$', sample_weight: bool | None | str = '$UNCHANGED$') ElasticNet[source]#

Request metadata passed to the fit method.

Note that this method is only relevant if enable_metadata_routing=True (see sklearn.set_config). Please see User Guide on how the routing mechanism works.

The options for each parameter are:

  • True: metadata is requested, and passed to fit if provided. The request is ignored if metadata is not provided.

  • False: metadata is not requested and the meta-estimator will not pass it to fit.

  • None: metadata is not requested, and the meta-estimator will raise an error if the user provides it.

  • str: metadata should be passed to the meta-estimator with this given alias instead of the original name.

The default (sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED) retains the existing request. This allows you to change the request for some parameters and not others.

Added in version 1.3.

Note

This method is only relevant if this estimator is used as a sub-estimator of a meta-estimator, e.g. used inside a Pipeline. Otherwise it has no effect.

Parameters:
check_inputstr, True, False, or None, default=sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED

Metadata routing for check_input parameter in fit.

sample_weightstr, True, False, or None, default=sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED

Metadata routing for sample_weight parameter in fit.

Returns:
selfobject

The updated object.

set_params(**params)[source]#

Set the parameters of this estimator.

The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as Pipeline). The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.

Parameters:
**paramsdict

Estimator parameters.

Returns:
selfestimator instance

Estimator instance.

set_score_request(*, sample_weight: bool | None | str = '$UNCHANGED$') ElasticNet[source]#

Request metadata passed to the score method.

Note that this method is only relevant if enable_metadata_routing=True (see sklearn.set_config). Please see User Guide on how the routing mechanism works.

The options for each parameter are:

  • True: metadata is requested, and passed to score if provided. The request is ignored if metadata is not provided.

  • False: metadata is not requested and the meta-estimator will not pass it to score.

  • None: metadata is not requested, and the meta-estimator will raise an error if the user provides it.

  • str: metadata should be passed to the meta-estimator with this given alias instead of the original name.

The default (sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED) retains the existing request. This allows you to change the request for some parameters and not others.

Added in version 1.3.

Note

This method is only relevant if this estimator is used as a sub-estimator of a meta-estimator, e.g. used inside a Pipeline. Otherwise it has no effect.

Parameters:
sample_weightstr, True, False, or None, default=sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED

Metadata routing for sample_weight parameter in score.

Returns:
selfobject

The updated object.

property sparse_coef_#

Sparse representation of the fitted coef_.