Selecting dimensionality reduction with Pipeline and GridSearchCV

This example constructs a pipeline that does dimensionality reduction followed by prediction with a support vector classifier. It demonstrates the use of GridSearchCV and Pipeline to optimize over different classes of estimators in a single CV run – unsupervised PCA and NMF dimensionality reductions are compared to univariate feature selection during the grid search.

Additionally, Pipeline can be instantiated with the memory argument to memoize the transformers within the pipeline, avoiding to fit again the same transformers over and over.

Note that the use of memory to enable caching becomes interesting when the fitting of a transformer is costly.

# Authors: The scikit-learn developers
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

Illustration of Pipeline and GridSearchCV

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.decomposition import NMF, PCA
from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest, mutual_info_classif
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC

X, y = load_digits(return_X_y=True)

pipe = Pipeline(
    [
        ("scaling", MinMaxScaler()),
        # the reduce_dim stage is populated by the param_grid
        ("reduce_dim", "passthrough"),
        ("classify", LinearSVC(dual=False, max_iter=10000)),
    ]
)

N_FEATURES_OPTIONS = [2, 4, 8]
C_OPTIONS = [1, 10, 100, 1000]
param_grid = [
    {
        "reduce_dim": [PCA(iterated_power=7), NMF(max_iter=1_000)],
        "reduce_dim__n_components": N_FEATURES_OPTIONS,
        "classify__C": C_OPTIONS,
    },
    {
        "reduce_dim": [SelectKBest(mutual_info_classif)],
        "reduce_dim__k": N_FEATURES_OPTIONS,
        "classify__C": C_OPTIONS,
    },
]
reducer_labels = ["PCA", "NMF", "KBest(mutual_info_classif)"]

grid = GridSearchCV(pipe, n_jobs=1, param_grid=param_grid)
grid.fit(X, y)

GridSearchCV(estimator=Pipeline(steps=[('scaling', MinMaxScaler()),
                                       ('reduce_dim', 'passthrough'),
                                       ('classify',
                                        LinearSVC(dual=False,
                                                  max_iter=10000))]),
             n_jobs=1,
             param_grid=[{'classify__C': [1, 10, 100, 1000],
                          'reduce_dim': [PCA(iterated_power=7),
                                         NMF(max_iter=1000)],
                          'reduce_dim__n_components': [2, 4, 8]},
                         {'classify__C': [1, 10, 100, 1000],
                          'reduce_dim': [SelectKBest(score_func=<function mutual_info_classif at 0x77bcb7d71ca0>)],
                          'reduce_dim__k': [2, 4, 8]}])

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import pandas as pd

mean_scores = np.array(grid.cv_results_["mean_test_score"])
# scores are in the order of param_grid iteration, which is alphabetical
mean_scores = mean_scores.reshape(len(C_OPTIONS), -1, len(N_FEATURES_OPTIONS))
# select score for best C
mean_scores = mean_scores.max(axis=0)
# create a dataframe to ease plotting
mean_scores = pd.DataFrame(
    mean_scores.T, index=N_FEATURES_OPTIONS, columns=reducer_labels
)

ax = mean_scores.plot.bar()
ax.set_title("Comparing feature reduction techniques")
ax.set_xlabel("Reduced number of features")
ax.set_ylabel("Digit classification accuracy")
ax.set_ylim((0, 1))
ax.legend(loc="upper left")

plt.show()

Caching transformers within a Pipeline

It is sometimes worthwhile storing the state of a specific transformer since it could be used again. Using a pipeline in GridSearchCV triggers such situations. Therefore, we use the argument memory to enable caching.

Warning

Note that this example is, however, only an illustration since for this specific case fitting PCA is not necessarily slower than loading the cache. Hence, use the memory constructor parameter when the fitting of a transformer is costly.

from shutil import rmtree

from joblib import Memory

# Create a temporary folder to store the transformers of the pipeline
location = "cachedir"
memory = Memory(location=location, verbose=10)
cached_pipe = Pipeline(
    [("reduce_dim", PCA()), ("classify", LinearSVC(dual=False, max_iter=10000))],
    memory=memory,
)

# This time, a cached pipeline will be used within the grid search


# Delete the temporary cache before exiting
memory.clear(warn=False)
rmtree(location)

The PCA fitting is only computed at the evaluation of the first configuration of the C parameter of the LinearSVC classifier. The other configurations of C will trigger the loading of the cached PCA estimator data, leading to save processing time. Therefore, the use of caching the pipeline using memory is highly beneficial when fitting a transformer is costly.

Related examples

Incremental PCA

Incremental PCA

Balance model complexity and cross-validated score

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Caching nearest neighbors

Caching nearest neighbors

Feature agglomeration vs. univariate selection

Feature agglomeration vs. univariate selection