Release Highlights for scikit-learn 0.22

We are pleased to announce the release of scikit-learn 0.22, which comes with many bug fixes and new features! We detail below a few of the major features of this release. For an exhaustive list of all the changes, please refer to the release notes.

To install the latest version (with pip):

pip install --upgrade scikit-learn

or with conda:

conda install -c conda-forge scikit-learn

New plotting API

A new plotting API is available for creating visualizations. This new API allows for quickly adjusting the visuals of a plot without involving any recomputation. It is also possible to add different plots to the same figure. The following example illustrates plot_roc_curve, but other plots utilities are supported like plot_partial_dependence, plot_precision_recall_curve, and plot_confusion_matrix. Read more about this new API in the User Guide.

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.metrics import plot_roc_curve
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

X, y = make_classification(random_state=0)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=42)

svc = SVC(random_state=42)
svc.fit(X_train, y_train)
rfc = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42)
rfc.fit(X_train, y_train)

svc_disp = plot_roc_curve(svc, X_test, y_test)
rfc_disp = plot_roc_curve(rfc, X_test, y_test, ax=svc_disp.ax_)
rfc_disp.figure_.suptitle("ROC curve comparison")

plt.show()

/home/runner/work/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/sklearn/utils/deprecation.py:87: FutureWarning: Function plot_roc_curve is deprecated; Function :func:`plot_roc_curve` is deprecated in 1.0 and will be removed in 1.2. Use one of the class methods: :meth:`sklearn.metrics.RocCurveDisplay.from_predictions` or :meth:`sklearn.metrics.RocCurveDisplay.from_estimator`.
  warnings.warn(msg, category=FutureWarning)
/home/runner/work/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/sklearn/utils/deprecation.py:87: FutureWarning: Function plot_roc_curve is deprecated; Function :func:`plot_roc_curve` is deprecated in 1.0 and will be removed in 1.2. Use one of the class methods: :meth:`sklearn.metrics.RocCurveDisplay.from_predictions` or :meth:`sklearn.metrics.RocCurveDisplay.from_estimator`.
  warnings.warn(msg, category=FutureWarning)

Stacking Classifier and Regressor

StackingClassifier and StackingRegressor allow you to have a stack of estimators with a final classifier or a regressor. Stacked generalization consists in stacking the output of individual estimators and use a classifier to compute the final prediction. Stacking allows to use the strength of each individual estimator by using their output as input of a final estimator. Base estimators are fitted on the full X while the final estimator is trained using cross-validated predictions of the base estimators using cross_val_predict.

Read more in the User Guide.

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.ensemble import StackingClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
estimators = [
    ("rf", RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=10, random_state=42)),
    ("svr", make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), LinearSVC(random_state=42))),
]
clf = StackingClassifier(estimators=estimators, final_estimator=LogisticRegression())
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, stratify=y, random_state=42)
clf.fit(X_train, y_train).score(X_test, y_test)

0.9473684210526315

Permutation-based feature importance

The inspection.permutation_importance can be used to get an estimate of the importance of each feature, for any fitted estimator:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.inspection import permutation_importance

X, y = make_classification(random_state=0, n_features=5, n_informative=3)
feature_names = np.array([f"x_{i}" for i in range(X.shape[1])])

rf = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0).fit(X, y)
result = permutation_importance(rf, X, y, n_repeats=10, random_state=0, n_jobs=2)

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
sorted_idx = result.importances_mean.argsort()
ax.boxplot(
    result.importances[sorted_idx].T, vert=False, labels=feature_names[sorted_idx]
)
ax.set_title("Permutation Importance of each feature")
ax.set_ylabel("Features")
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Native support for missing values for gradient boosting

The ensemble.HistGradientBoostingClassifier and ensemble.HistGradientBoostingRegressor now have native support for missing values (NaNs). This means that there is no need for imputing data when training or predicting.

from sklearn.ensemble import HistGradientBoostingClassifier

X = np.array([0, 1, 2, np.nan]).reshape(-1, 1)
y = [0, 0, 1, 1]

gbdt = HistGradientBoostingClassifier(min_samples_leaf=1).fit(X, y)
print(gbdt.predict(X))

[0 0 1 1]

Precomputed sparse nearest neighbors graph

Most estimators based on nearest neighbors graphs now accept precomputed sparse graphs as input, to reuse the same graph for multiple estimator fits. To use this feature in a pipeline, one can use the memory parameter, along with one of the two new transformers, neighbors.KNeighborsTransformer and neighbors.RadiusNeighborsTransformer. The precomputation can also be performed by custom estimators to use alternative implementations, such as approximate nearest neighbors methods. See more details in the User Guide.

from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsTransformer
from sklearn.manifold import Isomap
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline

X, y = make_classification(random_state=0)

with TemporaryDirectory(prefix="sklearn_cache_") as tmpdir:
    estimator = make_pipeline(
        KNeighborsTransformer(n_neighbors=10, mode="distance"),
        Isomap(n_neighbors=10, metric="precomputed"),
        memory=tmpdir,
    )
    estimator.fit(X)

    # We can decrease the number of neighbors and the graph will not be
    # recomputed.
    estimator.set_params(isomap__n_neighbors=5)
    estimator.fit(X)

KNN Based Imputation

We now support imputation for completing missing values using k-Nearest Neighbors.

Each sample’s missing values are imputed using the mean value from n_neighbors nearest neighbors found in the training set. Two samples are close if the features that neither is missing are close. By default, a euclidean distance metric that supports missing values, nan_euclidean_distances, is used to find the nearest neighbors.

Read more in the User Guide.

from sklearn.impute import KNNImputer

X = [[1, 2, np.nan], [3, 4, 3], [np.nan, 6, 5], [8, 8, 7]]
imputer = KNNImputer(n_neighbors=2)
print(imputer.fit_transform(X))

[[1.  2.  4. ]
 [3.  4.  3. ]
 [5.5 6.  5. ]
 [8.  8.  7. ]]

Tree pruning

It is now possible to prune most tree-based estimators once the trees are built. The pruning is based on minimal cost-complexity. Read more in the User Guide for details.

X, y = make_classification(random_state=0)

rf = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0, ccp_alpha=0).fit(X, y)
print(
    "Average number of nodes without pruning {:.1f}".format(
        np.mean([e.tree_.node_count for e in rf.estimators_])
    )
)

rf = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0, ccp_alpha=0.05).fit(X, y)
print(
    "Average number of nodes with pruning {:.1f}".format(
        np.mean([e.tree_.node_count for e in rf.estimators_])
    )
)

Average number of nodes without pruning 22.3
Average number of nodes with pruning 6.4

Retrieve dataframes from OpenML

datasets.fetch_openml can now return pandas dataframe and thus properly handle datasets with heterogeneous data:

from sklearn.datasets import fetch_openml

titanic = fetch_openml("titanic", version=1, as_frame=True)
print(titanic.data.head()[["pclass", "embarked"]])

   pclass embarked
0     1.0        S
1     1.0        S
2     1.0        S
3     1.0        S
4     1.0        S

Checking scikit-learn compatibility of an estimator

Developers can check the compatibility of their scikit-learn compatible estimators using check_estimator. For instance, the check_estimator(LinearSVC()) passes.

We now provide a pytest specific decorator which allows pytest to run all checks independently and report the checks that are failing.

..note::

This entry was slightly updated in version 0.24, where passing classes isn’t supported anymore: pass instances instead.

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor
from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import parametrize_with_checks


@parametrize_with_checks([LogisticRegression(), DecisionTreeRegressor()])
def test_sklearn_compatible_estimator(estimator, check):
    check(estimator)

ROC AUC now supports multiclass classification

The roc_auc_score function can also be used in multi-class classification. Two averaging strategies are currently supported: the one-vs-one algorithm computes the average of the pairwise ROC AUC scores, and the one-vs-rest algorithm computes the average of the ROC AUC scores for each class against all other classes. In both cases, the multiclass ROC AUC scores are computed from the probability estimates that a sample belongs to a particular class according to the model. The OvO and OvR algorithms support weighting uniformly (average='macro') and weighting by the prevalence (average='weighted').

Read more in the User Guide.

from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score

X, y = make_classification(n_classes=4, n_informative=16)
clf = SVC(decision_function_shape="ovo", probability=True).fit(X, y)
print(roc_auc_score(y, clf.predict_proba(X), multi_class="ovo"))

0.9925333333333333