A demo of K-Means clustering on the handwritten digits data¶

import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits

data, labels = load_digits(return_X_y=True)
(n_samples, n_features), n_digits = data.shape, np.unique(labels).size

print(
    f"# digits: {n_digits}; # samples: {n_samples}; # features {n_features}"
)

from time import time
from sklearn import metrics
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler


def bench_k_means(kmeans, name, data, labels):
    """Benchmark to evaluate the KMeans initialization methods.

    Parameters
    ----------
    kmeans : KMeans instance
        A :class:`~sklearn.cluster.KMeans` instance with the initialization
        already set.
    name : str
        Name given to the strategy. It will be used to show the results in a
        table.
    data : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features)
        The data to cluster.
    labels : ndarray of shape (n_samples,)
        The labels used to compute the clustering metrics which requires some
        supervision.
    """
    t0 = time()
    estimator = make_pipeline(StandardScaler(), kmeans).fit(data)
    fit_time = time() - t0
    results = [name, fit_time, estimator[-1].inertia_]

    # Define the metrics which require only the true labels and estimator
    # labels
    clustering_metrics = [
        metrics.homogeneity_score,
        metrics.completeness_score,
        metrics.v_measure_score,
        metrics.adjusted_rand_score,
        metrics.adjusted_mutual_info_score,
    ]
    results += [m(labels, estimator[-1].labels_) for m in clustering_metrics]

    # The silhouette score requires the full dataset
    results += [
        metrics.silhouette_score(data, estimator[-1].labels_,
                                 metric="euclidean", sample_size=300,)
    ]

    # Show the results
    formatter_result = ("{:9s}\t{:.3f}s\t{:.0f}\t{:.3f}\t{:.3f}"
                        "\t{:.3f}\t{:.3f}\t{:.3f}\t{:.3f}")
    print(formatter_result.format(*results))

from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA

print(82 * '_')
print('init\t\ttime\tinertia\thomo\tcompl\tv-meas\tARI\tAMI\tsilhouette')

kmeans = KMeans(init="k-means++", n_clusters=n_digits, n_init=4,
                random_state=0)
bench_k_means(kmeans=kmeans, name="k-means++", data=data, labels=labels)

kmeans = KMeans(init="random", n_clusters=n_digits, n_init=4, random_state=0)
bench_k_means(kmeans=kmeans, name="random", data=data, labels=labels)

pca = PCA(n_components=n_digits).fit(data)
kmeans = KMeans(init=pca.components_, n_clusters=n_digits, n_init=1)
bench_k_means(kmeans=kmeans, name="PCA-based", data=data, labels=labels)

print(82 * '_')

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

reduced_data = PCA(n_components=2).fit_transform(data)
kmeans = KMeans(init="k-means++", n_clusters=n_digits, n_init=4)
kmeans.fit(reduced_data)

# Step size of the mesh. Decrease to increase the quality of the VQ.
h = .02     # point in the mesh [x_min, x_max]x[y_min, y_max].

# Plot the decision boundary. For that, we will assign a color to each
x_min, x_max = reduced_data[:, 0].min() - 1, reduced_data[:, 0].max() + 1
y_min, y_max = reduced_data[:, 1].min() - 1, reduced_data[:, 1].max() + 1
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))

# Obtain labels for each point in mesh. Use last trained model.
Z = kmeans.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])

# Put the result into a color plot
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
plt.figure(1)
plt.clf()
plt.imshow(Z, interpolation="nearest",
           extent=(xx.min(), xx.max(), yy.min(), yy.max()),
           cmap=plt.cm.Paired, aspect="auto", origin="lower")

plt.plot(reduced_data[:, 0], reduced_data[:, 1], 'k.', markersize=2)
# Plot the centroids as a white X
centroids = kmeans.cluster_centers_
plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:, 1], marker="x", s=169, linewidths=3,
            color="w", zorder=10)
plt.title("K-means clustering on the digits dataset (PCA-reduced data)\n"
          "Centroids are marked with white cross")
plt.xlim(x_min, x_max)
plt.ylim(y_min, y_max)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()