Note
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Concatenating multiple feature extraction methodsΒΆ
In many real-world examples, there are many ways to extract features from a
dataset. Often it is beneficial to combine several methods to obtain good
performance. This example shows how to use FeatureUnion to combine
features obtained by PCA and univariate selection.
Combining features using this transformer has the benefit that it allows cross validation and grid searches over the whole process.
The combination used in this example is not particularly helpful on this dataset and is only used to illustrate the usage of FeatureUnion.
Out:
Combined space has 3 features
Fitting 5 folds for each of 18 candidates, totalling 90 fits
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Using backend SequentialBackend with 1 concurrent workers.
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 1 out of 1 | elapsed: 0.0s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 2 out of 2 | elapsed: 0.0s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.8666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 3 out of 3 | elapsed: 0.0s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 4 out of 4 | elapsed: 0.0s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 5 out of 5 | elapsed: 0.1s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 6 out of 6 | elapsed: 0.1s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 7 out of 7 | elapsed: 0.1s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.8666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 8 out of 8 | elapsed: 0.1s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 9 out of 9 | elapsed: 0.1s remaining: 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.1s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=1, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.8666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.1s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=2, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.1s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=1, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.1s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9333333333333333, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=0.1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=1, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=0.9666666666666667, total= 0.0s
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10
[CV] features__pca__n_components=3, features__univ_select__k=2, svm__C=10, score=1.0, total= 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=1)]: Done 90 out of 90 | elapsed: 1.3s finished
Pipeline(memory=None,
steps=[('features', FeatureUnion(n_jobs=None,
transformer_list=[('pca', PCA(copy=True, iterated_power='auto', n_components=3, random_state=None,
svd_solver='auto', tol=0.0, whiten=False)), ('univ_select', SelectKBest(k=1, score_func=<function f_classif at 0x7f3f22707d90>))],
transfor...r', max_iter=-1, probability=False, random_state=None,
shrinking=True, tol=0.001, verbose=False))])
# Author: Andreas Mueller <amueller@ais.uni-bonn.de>
#
# License: BSD 3 clause
from __future__ import print_function
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline, FeatureUnion
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest
iris = load_iris()
X, y = iris.data, iris.target
# This dataset is way too high-dimensional. Better do PCA:
pca = PCA(n_components=2)
# Maybe some original features where good, too?
selection = SelectKBest(k=1)
# Build estimator from PCA and Univariate selection:
combined_features = FeatureUnion([("pca", pca), ("univ_select", selection)])
# Use combined features to transform dataset:
X_features = combined_features.fit(X, y).transform(X)
print("Combined space has", X_features.shape[1], "features")
svm = SVC(kernel="linear")
# Do grid search over k, n_components and C:
pipeline = Pipeline([("features", combined_features), ("svm", svm)])
param_grid = dict(features__pca__n_components=[1, 2, 3],
features__univ_select__k=[1, 2],
svm__C=[0.1, 1, 10])
grid_search = GridSearchCV(pipeline, param_grid=param_grid, cv=5, verbose=10)
grid_search.fit(X, y)
print(grid_search.best_estimator_)
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 1.452 seconds)