.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/model_selection/plot_learning_curve.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via JupyterLite or Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_model_selection_plot_learning_curve.py: ========================================================= Plotting Learning Curves and Checking Models' Scalability ========================================================= In this example, we show how to use the class :class:`~sklearn.model_selection.LearningCurveDisplay` to easily plot learning curves. In addition, we give an interpretation to the learning curves obtained for a naive Bayes and SVM classifiers. Then, we explore and draw some conclusions about the scalability of these predictive models by looking at their computational cost and not only at their statistical accuracy. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 17-26 Learning Curve ============== Learning curves show the effect of adding more samples during the training process. The effect is depicted by checking the statistical performance of the model in terms of training score and testing score. Here, we compute the learning curve of a naive Bayes classifier and a SVM classifier with a RBF kernel using the digits dataset. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 26-34 .. code-block:: Python from sklearn.datasets import load_digits from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB from sklearn.svm import SVC X, y = load_digits(return_X_y=True) naive_bayes = GaussianNB() svc = SVC(kernel="rbf", gamma=0.001) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 35-39 The :meth:`~sklearn.model_selection.LearningCurveDisplay.from_estimator` displays the learning curve given the dataset and the predictive model to analyze. To get an estimate of the scores uncertainty, this method uses a cross-validation procedure. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 39-64 .. code-block:: Python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from sklearn.model_selection import LearningCurveDisplay, ShuffleSplit fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(10, 6), sharey=True) common_params = { "X": X, "y": y, "train_sizes": np.linspace(0.1, 1.0, 5), "cv": ShuffleSplit(n_splits=50, test_size=0.2, random_state=0), "score_type": "both", "n_jobs": 4, "line_kw": {"marker": "o"}, "std_display_style": "fill_between", "score_name": "Accuracy", } for ax_idx, estimator in enumerate([naive_bayes, svc]): LearningCurveDisplay.from_estimator(estimator, **common_params, ax=ax[ax_idx]) handles, label = ax[ax_idx].get_legend_handles_labels() ax[ax_idx].legend(handles[:2], ["Training Score", "Test Score"]) ax[ax_idx].set_title(f"Learning Curve for {estimator.__class__.__name__}") .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_001.png :alt: Learning Curve for GaussianNB, Learning Curve for SVC :srcset: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 65-90 We first analyze the learning curve of the naive Bayes classifier. Its shape can be found in more complex datasets very often: the training score is very high when using few samples for training and decreases when increasing the number of samples, whereas the test score is very low at the beginning and then increases when adding samples. The training and test scores become more realistic when all the samples are used for training. We see another typical learning curve for the SVM classifier with RBF kernel. The training score remains high regardless of the size of the training set. On the other hand, the test score increases with the size of the training dataset. Indeed, it increases up to a point where it reaches a plateau. Observing such a plateau is an indication that it might not be useful to acquire new data to train the model since the generalization performance of the model will not increase anymore. Complexity analysis =================== In addition to these learning curves, it is also possible to look at the scalability of the predictive models in terms of training and scoring times. The :class:`~sklearn.model_selection.LearningCurveDisplay` class does not provide such information. We need to resort to the :func:`~sklearn.model_selection.learning_curve` function instead and make the plot manually. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 92-110 .. code-block:: Python from sklearn.model_selection import learning_curve common_params = { "X": X, "y": y, "train_sizes": np.linspace(0.1, 1.0, 5), "cv": ShuffleSplit(n_splits=50, test_size=0.2, random_state=0), "n_jobs": 4, "return_times": True, } train_sizes, _, test_scores_nb, fit_times_nb, score_times_nb = learning_curve( naive_bayes, **common_params ) train_sizes, _, test_scores_svm, fit_times_svm, score_times_svm = learning_curve( svc, **common_params ) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 111-144 .. code-block:: Python fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2, figsize=(16, 12), sharex=True) for ax_idx, (fit_times, score_times, estimator) in enumerate( zip( [fit_times_nb, fit_times_svm], [score_times_nb, score_times_svm], [naive_bayes, svc], ) ): # scalability regarding the fit time ax[0, ax_idx].plot(train_sizes, fit_times.mean(axis=1), "o-") ax[0, ax_idx].fill_between( train_sizes, fit_times.mean(axis=1) - fit_times.std(axis=1), fit_times.mean(axis=1) + fit_times.std(axis=1), alpha=0.3, ) ax[0, ax_idx].set_ylabel("Fit time (s)") ax[0, ax_idx].set_title( f"Scalability of the {estimator.__class__.__name__} classifier" ) # scalability regarding the score time ax[1, ax_idx].plot(train_sizes, score_times.mean(axis=1), "o-") ax[1, ax_idx].fill_between( train_sizes, score_times.mean(axis=1) - score_times.std(axis=1), score_times.mean(axis=1) + score_times.std(axis=1), alpha=0.3, ) ax[1, ax_idx].set_ylabel("Score time (s)") ax[1, ax_idx].set_xlabel("Number of training samples") .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_002.png :alt: Scalability of the GaussianNB classifier, Scalability of the SVC classifier :srcset: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 145-155 We see that the scalability of the SVM and naive Bayes classifiers is very different. The SVM classifier complexity at fit and score time increases rapidly with the number of samples. Indeed, it is known that the fit time complexity of this classifier is more than quadratic with the number of samples which makes it hard to scale to dataset with more than a few 10,000 samples. In contrast, the naive Bayes classifier scales much better with a lower complexity at fit and score time. Subsequently, we can check the trade-off between increased training time and the cross-validation score. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 157-181 .. code-block:: Python fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(16, 6)) for ax_idx, (fit_times, test_scores, estimator) in enumerate( zip( [fit_times_nb, fit_times_svm], [test_scores_nb, test_scores_svm], [naive_bayes, svc], ) ): ax[ax_idx].plot(fit_times.mean(axis=1), test_scores.mean(axis=1), "o-") ax[ax_idx].fill_between( fit_times.mean(axis=1), test_scores.mean(axis=1) - test_scores.std(axis=1), test_scores.mean(axis=1) + test_scores.std(axis=1), alpha=0.3, ) ax[ax_idx].set_ylabel("Accuracy") ax[ax_idx].set_xlabel("Fit time (s)") ax[ax_idx].set_title( f"Performance of the {estimator.__class__.__name__} classifier" ) plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_003.png :alt: Performance of the GaussianNB classifier, Performance of the SVC classifier :srcset: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_003.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 182-185 In these plots, we can look for the inflection point for which the cross-validation score does not increase anymore and only the training time increases. .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 25.281 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_model_selection_plot_learning_curve.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/main?urlpath=lab/tree/notebooks/auto_examples/model_selection/plot_learning_curve.ipynb :alt: Launch binder :width: 150 px .. container:: lite-badge .. image:: images/jupyterlite_badge_logo.svg :target: ../../lite/lab/?path=auto_examples/model_selection/plot_learning_curve.ipynb :alt: Launch JupyterLite :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_learning_curve.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_learning_curve.py ` .. include:: plot_learning_curve.recommendations .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_