.. _sample_generators:

Generated datasets
==================

.. currentmodule:: sklearn.datasets

In addition, scikit-learn includes various random sample generators that
can be used to build artificial datasets of controlled size and complexity.

Generators for classification and clustering
--------------------------------------------

These generators produce a matrix of features and corresponding discrete
targets.

Single label
~~~~~~~~~~~~

:func:`make_blobs` creates a multiclass dataset by allocating each class to one
normally-distributed cluster of points. It provides control over the centers and
standard deviations of each cluster. This dataset is used to demonstrate clustering.

.. plot::
   :context: close-figs
   :scale: 70
   :align: center

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs

   X, y = make_blobs(centers=3, cluster_std=0.5, random_state=0)

   plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y)
   plt.title("Three normally-distributed clusters")
   plt.show()

:func:`make_classification` also creates multiclass datasets but specializes in
introducing noise by way of: correlated, redundant and uninformative features; multiple
Gaussian clusters per class; and linear transformations of the feature space.

.. plot::
   :context: close-figs
   :scale: 70
   :align: center

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   from sklearn.datasets import make_classification

   fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(12, 4), sharey=True, sharex=True)
   titles = ["Two classes,\none informative feature,\none cluster per class",
             "Two classes,\ntwo informative features,\ntwo clusters per class",
             "Three classes,\ntwo informative features,\none cluster per class"]
   params = [
       {"n_informative": 1, "n_clusters_per_class": 1, "n_classes": 2},
       {"n_informative": 2, "n_clusters_per_class": 2, "n_classes": 2},
       {"n_informative": 2, "n_clusters_per_class": 1, "n_classes": 3}
   ]

   for i, param in enumerate(params):
       X, Y = make_classification(n_features=2, n_redundant=0, random_state=1, **param)
       axs[i].scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
       axs[i].set_title(titles[i])

   plt.tight_layout()
   plt.show()

:func:`make_gaussian_quantiles` divides a single Gaussian cluster into
near-equal-size classes separated by concentric hyperspheres.

.. plot::
   :context: close-figs
   :scale: 70
   :align: center

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   from sklearn.datasets import make_gaussian_quantiles

   X, Y = make_gaussian_quantiles(n_features=2, n_classes=3, random_state=0)
   plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
   plt.title("Gaussian divided into three quantiles")
   plt.show()

:func:`make_hastie_10_2` generates a similar binary, 10-dimensional problem.

:func:`make_circles` and :func:`make_moons` generate 2D binary classification
datasets that are challenging to certain algorithms (e.g., centroid-based
clustering or linear classification), including optional Gaussian noise.
They are useful for visualization. :func:`make_circles` produces Gaussian data
with a spherical decision boundary for binary classification, while
:func:`make_moons` produces two interleaving half-circles.


.. plot::
   :context: close-figs
   :scale: 70
   :align: center

   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   from sklearn.datasets import make_circles, make_moons

   fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(8, 4))

   X, Y = make_circles(noise=0.1, factor=0.3, random_state=0)
   ax1.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
   ax1.set_title("make_circles")

   X, Y = make_moons(noise=0.1, random_state=0)
   ax2.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
   ax2.set_title("make_moons")

   plt.tight_layout()
   plt.show()



Multilabel
~~~~~~~~~~

:func:`make_multilabel_classification` generates random samples with multiple
labels, reflecting a bag of words drawn from a mixture of topics. The number of
topics for each document is drawn from a Poisson distribution, and the topics
themselves are drawn from a fixed random distribution. Similarly, the number of
words is drawn from Poisson, with words drawn from a multinomial, where each
topic defines a probability distribution over words. Simplifications with
respect to true bag-of-words mixtures include:

* Per-topic word distributions are independently drawn, where in reality all
  would be affected by a sparse base distribution, and would be correlated.
* For a document generated from multiple topics, all topics are weighted
  equally in generating its bag of words.
* Documents without labels words at random, rather than from a base
  distribution.

.. image:: ../auto_examples/datasets/images/sphx_glr_plot_random_multilabel_dataset_001.png
   :target: ../auto_examples/datasets/plot_random_multilabel_dataset.html
   :scale: 50
   :align: center

Biclustering
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. autosummary::

   make_biclusters
   make_checkerboard


Generators for regression
-------------------------

:func:`make_regression` produces regression targets as an optionally-sparse
random linear combination of random features, with noise. Its informative
features may be uncorrelated, or low rank (few features account for most of the
variance).

Other regression generators generate functions deterministically from
randomized features.  :func:`make_sparse_uncorrelated` produces a target as a
linear combination of four features with fixed coefficients.
Others encode explicitly non-linear relations:
:func:`make_friedman1` is related by polynomial and sine transforms;
:func:`make_friedman2` includes feature multiplication and reciprocation; and
:func:`make_friedman3` is similar with an arctan transformation on the target.

Generators for manifold learning
--------------------------------

.. autosummary::

   make_s_curve
   make_swiss_roll

Generators for decomposition
----------------------------

.. autosummary::

   make_low_rank_matrix
   make_sparse_coded_signal
   make_spd_matrix
   make_sparse_spd_matrix