.. DO NOT EDIT.
.. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY.
.. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE:
.. "auto_examples/applications/wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.py"
.. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.
.. only:: html
.. note::
:class: sphx-glr-download-link-note
:ref:`Go to the end <sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_applications_wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.py>`
to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via JupyterLite or Binder
.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title
.. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_applications_wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.py:
===============================
Wikipedia principal eigenvector
===============================
A classical way to assert the relative importance of vertices in a
graph is to compute the principal eigenvector of the adjacency matrix
so as to assign to each vertex the values of the components of the first
eigenvector as a centrality score:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector_centrality
On the graph of webpages and links those values are called the PageRank
scores by Google.
The goal of this example is to analyze the graph of links inside
wikipedia articles to rank articles by relative importance according to
this eigenvector centrality.
The traditional way to compute the principal eigenvector is to use the
power iteration method:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_iteration
Here the computation is achieved thanks to Martinsson's Randomized SVD
algorithm implemented in scikit-learn.
The graph data is fetched from the DBpedia dumps. DBpedia is an extraction
of the latent structured data of the Wikipedia content.
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 32-48
.. code-block:: default
# Author: Olivier Grisel <olivier.grisel@ensta.org>
# License: BSD 3 clause
import os
from bz2 import BZ2File
from datetime import datetime
from pprint import pprint
from time import time
from urllib.request import urlopen
import numpy as np
from scipy import sparse
from sklearn.decomposition import randomized_svd
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 49-51
Download data, if not already on disk
-------------------------------------
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 51-71
.. code-block:: default
redirects_url = "http://downloads.dbpedia.org/3.5.1/en/redirects_en.nt.bz2"
redirects_filename = redirects_url.rsplit("/", 1)[1]
page_links_url = "http://downloads.dbpedia.org/3.5.1/en/page_links_en.nt.bz2"
page_links_filename = page_links_url.rsplit("/", 1)[1]
resources = [
(redirects_url, redirects_filename),
(page_links_url, page_links_filename),
]
for url, filename in resources:
if not os.path.exists(filename):
print("Downloading data from '%s', please wait..." % url)
opener = urlopen(url)
with open(filename, "wb") as f:
f.write(opener.read())
print()
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 72-74
Loading the redirect files
--------------------------
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 74-121
.. code-block:: default
def index(redirects, index_map, k):
"""Find the index of an article name after redirect resolution"""
k = redirects.get(k, k)
return index_map.setdefault(k, len(index_map))
DBPEDIA_RESOURCE_PREFIX_LEN = len("http://dbpedia.org/resource/")
SHORTNAME_SLICE = slice(DBPEDIA_RESOURCE_PREFIX_LEN + 1, -1)
def short_name(nt_uri):
"""Remove the < and > URI markers and the common URI prefix"""
return nt_uri[SHORTNAME_SLICE]
def get_redirects(redirects_filename):
"""Parse the redirections and build a transitively closed map out of it"""
redirects = {}
print("Parsing the NT redirect file")
for l, line in enumerate(BZ2File(redirects_filename)):
split = line.split()
if len(split) != 4:
print("ignoring malformed line: " + line)
continue
redirects[short_name(split[0])] = short_name(split[2])
if l % 1000000 == 0:
print("[%s] line: %08d" % (datetime.now().isoformat(), l))
# compute the transitive closure
print("Computing the transitive closure of the redirect relation")
for l, source in enumerate(redirects.keys()):
transitive_target = None
target = redirects[source]
seen = {source}
while True:
transitive_target = target
target = redirects.get(target)
if target is None or target in seen:
break
seen.add(target)
redirects[source] = transitive_target
if l % 1000000 == 0:
print("[%s] line: %08d" % (datetime.now().isoformat(), l))
return redirects
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 122-124
Computing the Adjacency matrix
------------------------------
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 124-172
.. code-block:: default
def get_adjacency_matrix(redirects_filename, page_links_filename, limit=None):
"""Extract the adjacency graph as a scipy sparse matrix
Redirects are resolved first.
Returns X, the scipy sparse adjacency matrix, redirects as python
dict from article names to article names and index_map a python dict
from article names to python int (article indexes).
"""
print("Computing the redirect map")
redirects = get_redirects(redirects_filename)
print("Computing the integer index map")
index_map = dict()
links = list()
for l, line in enumerate(BZ2File(page_links_filename)):
split = line.split()
if len(split) != 4:
print("ignoring malformed line: " + line)
continue
i = index(redirects, index_map, short_name(split[0]))
j = index(redirects, index_map, short_name(split[2]))
links.append((i, j))
if l % 1000000 == 0:
print("[%s] line: %08d" % (datetime.now().isoformat(), l))
if limit is not None and l >= limit - 1:
break
print("Computing the adjacency matrix")
X = sparse.lil_matrix((len(index_map), len(index_map)), dtype=np.float32)
for i, j in links:
X[i, j] = 1.0
del links
print("Converting to CSR representation")
X = X.tocsr()
print("CSR conversion done")
return X, redirects, index_map
# stop after 5M links to make it possible to work in RAM
X, redirects, index_map = get_adjacency_matrix(
redirects_filename, page_links_filename, limit=5000000
)
names = {i: name for name, i in index_map.items()}
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 173-175
Computing Principal Singular Vector using Randomized SVD
--------------------------------------------------------
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 175-187
.. code-block:: default
print("Computing the principal singular vectors using randomized_svd")
t0 = time()
U, s, V = randomized_svd(X, 5, n_iter=3)
print("done in %0.3fs" % (time() - t0))
# print the names of the wikipedia related strongest components of the
# principal singular vector which should be similar to the highest eigenvector
print("Top wikipedia pages according to principal singular vectors")
pprint([names[i] for i in np.abs(U.T[0]).argsort()[-10:]])
pprint([names[i] for i in np.abs(V[0]).argsort()[-10:]])
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 188-190
Computing Centrality scores
---------------------------
.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 190-235
.. code-block:: default
def centrality_scores(X, alpha=0.85, max_iter=100, tol=1e-10):
"""Power iteration computation of the principal eigenvector
This method is also known as Google PageRank and the implementation
is based on the one from the NetworkX project (BSD licensed too)
with copyrights by:
Aric Hagberg <hagberg@lanl.gov>
Dan Schult <dschult@colgate.edu>
Pieter Swart <swart@lanl.gov>
"""
n = X.shape[0]
X = X.copy()
incoming_counts = np.asarray(X.sum(axis=1)).ravel()
print("Normalizing the graph")
for i in incoming_counts.nonzero()[0]:
X.data[X.indptr[i] : X.indptr[i + 1]] *= 1.0 / incoming_counts[i]
dangle = np.asarray(np.where(np.isclose(X.sum(axis=1), 0), 1.0 / n, 0)).ravel()
scores = np.full(n, 1.0 / n, dtype=np.float32) # initial guess
for i in range(max_iter):
print("power iteration #%d" % i)
prev_scores = scores
scores = (
alpha * (scores * X + np.dot(dangle, prev_scores))
+ (1 - alpha) * prev_scores.sum() / n
)
# check convergence: normalized l_inf norm
scores_max = np.abs(scores).max()
if scores_max == 0.0:
scores_max = 1.0
err = np.abs(scores - prev_scores).max() / scores_max
print("error: %0.6f" % err)
if err < n * tol:
return scores
return scores
print("Computing principal eigenvector score using a power iteration method")
t0 = time()
scores = centrality_scores(X, max_iter=100)
print("done in %0.3fs" % (time() - t0))
pprint([names[i] for i in np.abs(scores).argsort()[-10:]])
.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing
**Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 0.000 seconds)
.. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_applications_wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.py:
.. only:: html
.. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example
.. container:: binder-badge
.. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg
:target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/1.3.X?urlpath=lab/tree/notebooks/auto_examples/applications/wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.ipynb
:alt: Launch binder
:width: 150 px
.. container:: lite-badge
.. image:: images/jupyterlite_badge_logo.svg
:target: ../../lite/lab/?path=auto_examples/applications/wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.ipynb
:alt: Launch JupyterLite
:width: 150 px
.. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python
:download:`Download Python source code: wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.py <wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.py>`
.. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter
:download:`Download Jupyter notebook: wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.ipynb <wikipedia_principal_eigenvector.ipynb>`
.. only:: html
.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature
`Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery <https://sphinx-gallery.github.io>`_