sklearn.decomposition.IncrementalPCA¶
- class sklearn.decomposition.IncrementalPCA(n_components=None, *, whiten=False, copy=True, batch_size=None)[source]¶
Incremental principal components analysis (IPCA).
Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition of the data, keeping only the most significant singular vectors to project the data to a lower dimensional space. The input data is centered but not scaled for each feature before applying the SVD.
Depending on the size of the input data, this algorithm can be much more memory efficient than a PCA, and allows sparse input.
This algorithm has constant memory complexity, on the order of
batch_size * n_features, enabling use of np.memmap files without loading the entire file into memory. For sparse matrices, the input is converted to dense in batches (in order to be able to subtract the mean) which avoids storing the entire dense matrix at any one time.The computational overhead of each SVD is
O(batch_size * n_features ** 2), but only 2 * batch_size samples remain in memory at a time. There will ben_samples / batch_sizeSVD computations to get the principal components, versus 1 large SVD of complexityO(n_samples * n_features ** 2)for PCA.Read more in the User Guide.
New in version 0.16.
- Parameters
- n_componentsint, default=None
Number of components to keep. If
n_componentsisNone, thenn_componentsis set tomin(n_samples, n_features).- whitenbool, default=False
When True (False by default) the
components_vectors are divided byn_samplestimescomponents_to ensure uncorrelated outputs with unit component-wise variances.Whitening will remove some information from the transformed signal (the relative variance scales of the components) but can sometimes improve the predictive accuracy of the downstream estimators by making data respect some hard-wired assumptions.
- copybool, default=True
If False, X will be overwritten.
copy=Falsecan be used to save memory but is unsafe for general use.- batch_sizeint, default=None
The number of samples to use for each batch. Only used when calling
fit. Ifbatch_sizeisNone, thenbatch_sizeis inferred from the data and set to5 * n_features, to provide a balance between approximation accuracy and memory consumption.
- Attributes
- components_ndarray of shape (n_components, n_features)
Principal axes in feature space, representing the directions of maximum variance in the data. Equivalently, the right singular vectors of the centered input data, parallel to its eigenvectors. The components are sorted by
explained_variance_.- explained_variance_ndarray of shape (n_components,)
Variance explained by each of the selected components.
- explained_variance_ratio_ndarray of shape (n_components,)
Percentage of variance explained by each of the selected components. If all components are stored, the sum of explained variances is equal to 1.0.
- singular_values_ndarray of shape (n_components,)
The singular values corresponding to each of the selected components. The singular values are equal to the 2-norms of the
n_componentsvariables in the lower-dimensional space.- mean_ndarray of shape (n_features,)
Per-feature empirical mean, aggregate over calls to
partial_fit.- var_ndarray of shape (n_features,)
Per-feature empirical variance, aggregate over calls to
partial_fit.- noise_variance_float
The estimated noise covariance following the Probabilistic PCA model from Tipping and Bishop 1999. See “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning” by C. Bishop, 12.2.1 p. 574 or http://www.miketipping.com/papers/met-mppca.pdf.
- n_components_int
The estimated number of components. Relevant when
n_components=None.- n_samples_seen_int
The number of samples processed by the estimator. Will be reset on new calls to fit, but increments across
partial_fitcalls.- batch_size_int
Inferred batch size from
batch_size.- n_features_in_int
Number of features seen during fit.
New in version 0.24.
- feature_names_in_ndarray of shape (
n_features_in_,) Names of features seen during fit. Defined only when
Xhas feature names that are all strings.New in version 1.0.
See also
PCAPrincipal component analysis (PCA).
KernelPCAKernel Principal component analysis (KPCA).
SparsePCASparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA).
TruncatedSVDDimensionality reduction using truncated SVD.
Notes
Implements the incremental PCA model from: D. Ross, J. Lim, R. Lin, M. Yang, Incremental Learning for Robust Visual Tracking, International Journal of Computer Vision, Volume 77, Issue 1-3, pp. 125-141, May 2008. See https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dross/ivt/RossLimLinYang_ijcv.pdf
This model is an extension of the Sequential Karhunen-Loeve Transform from: A. Levy and M. Lindenbaum, Sequential Karhunen-Loeve Basis Extraction and its Application to Images, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 9, Number 8, pp. 1371-1374, August 2000. See https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~mic/doc/skl-ip.pdf
We have specifically abstained from an optimization used by authors of both papers, a QR decomposition used in specific situations to reduce the algorithmic complexity of the SVD. The source for this technique is Matrix Computations, Third Edition, G. Holub and C. Van Loan, Chapter 5, section 5.4.4, pp 252-253.. This technique has been omitted because it is advantageous only when decomposing a matrix with
n_samples(rows) >= 5/3 *n_features(columns), and hurts the readability of the implemented algorithm. This would be a good opportunity for future optimization, if it is deemed necessary.References
D. Ross, J. Lim, R. Lin, M. Yang. Incremental Learning for Robust Visual Tracking, International Journal of Computer Vision, Volume 77, Issue 1-3, pp. 125-141, May 2008.
G. Golub and C. Van Loan. Matrix Computations, Third Edition, Chapter 5, Section 5.4.4, pp. 252-253.
Examples
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_digits >>> from sklearn.decomposition import IncrementalPCA >>> from scipy import sparse >>> X, _ = load_digits(return_X_y=True) >>> transformer = IncrementalPCA(n_components=7, batch_size=200) >>> # either partially fit on smaller batches of data >>> transformer.partial_fit(X[:100, :]) IncrementalPCA(batch_size=200, n_components=7) >>> # or let the fit function itself divide the data into batches >>> X_sparse = sparse.csr_matrix(X) >>> X_transformed = transformer.fit_transform(X_sparse) >>> X_transformed.shape (1797, 7)
Methods
fit(X[, y])Fit the model with X, using minibatches of size batch_size.
fit_transform(X[, y])Fit to data, then transform it.
Compute data covariance with the generative model.
get_params([deep])Get parameters for this estimator.
Compute data precision matrix with the generative model.
Transform data back to its original space.
partial_fit(X[, y, check_input])Incremental fit with X.
set_params(**params)Set the parameters of this estimator.
transform(X)Apply dimensionality reduction to X.
- fit(X, y=None)[source]¶
Fit the model with X, using minibatches of size batch_size.
- Parameters
- X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Training data, where
n_samplesis the number of samples andn_featuresis the number of features.- yIgnored
Not used, present for API consistency by convention.
- Returns
- selfobject
Returns the instance itself.
- fit_transform(X, y=None, **fit_params)[source]¶
Fit to data, then transform it.
Fits transformer to
Xandywith optional parametersfit_paramsand returns a transformed version ofX.- Parameters
- Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Input samples.
- yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs), default=None
Target values (None for unsupervised transformations).
- **fit_paramsdict
Additional fit parameters.
- Returns
- X_newndarray array of shape (n_samples, n_features_new)
Transformed array.
- get_covariance()[source]¶
Compute data covariance with the generative model.
cov = components_.T * S**2 * components_ + sigma2 * eye(n_features)where S**2 contains the explained variances, and sigma2 contains the noise variances.- Returns
- covarray of shape=(n_features, n_features)
Estimated covariance of data.
- get_params(deep=True)[source]¶
Get parameters for this estimator.
- Parameters
- deepbool, default=True
If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.
- Returns
- paramsdict
Parameter names mapped to their values.
- get_precision()[source]¶
Compute data precision matrix with the generative model.
Equals the inverse of the covariance but computed with the matrix inversion lemma for efficiency.
- Returns
- precisionarray, shape=(n_features, n_features)
Estimated precision of data.
- inverse_transform(X)[source]¶
Transform data back to its original space.
In other words, return an input
X_originalwhose transform would be X.- Parameters
- Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_components)
New data, where
n_samplesis the number of samples andn_componentsis the number of components.
- Returns
- X_original array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Original data, where
n_samplesis the number of samples andn_featuresis the number of features.
Notes
If whitening is enabled, inverse_transform will compute the exact inverse operation, which includes reversing whitening.
- partial_fit(X, y=None, check_input=True)[source]¶
Incremental fit with X. All of X is processed as a single batch.
- Parameters
- Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Training data, where
n_samplesis the number of samples andn_featuresis the number of features.- yIgnored
Not used, present for API consistency by convention.
- check_inputbool, default=True
Run check_array on X.
- Returns
- selfobject
Returns the instance itself.
- set_params(**params)[source]¶
Set the parameters of this estimator.
The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as
Pipeline). The latter have parameters of the form<component>__<parameter>so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.- Parameters
- **paramsdict
Estimator parameters.
- Returns
- selfestimator instance
Estimator instance.
- transform(X)[source]¶
Apply dimensionality reduction to X.
X is projected on the first principal components previously extracted from a training set, using minibatches of size batch_size if X is sparse.
- Parameters
- X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
New data, where
n_samplesis the number of samples andn_featuresis the number of features.
- Returns
- X_newndarray of shape (n_samples, n_components)
Projection of X in the first principal components.
Examples
>>> import numpy as np >>> from sklearn.decomposition import IncrementalPCA >>> X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], ... [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 2]]) >>> ipca = IncrementalPCA(n_components=2, batch_size=3) >>> ipca.fit(X) IncrementalPCA(batch_size=3, n_components=2) >>> ipca.transform(X)
