sklearn.covariance.EllipticEnvelope

class sklearn.covariance.EllipticEnvelope(*, store_precision=True, assume_centered=False, support_fraction=None, contamination=0.1, random_state=None)[source]

An object for detecting outliers in a Gaussian distributed dataset.

Read more in the User Guide.

Parameters
store_precisionbool, default=True

Specify if the estimated precision is stored.

assume_centeredbool, default=False

If True, the support of robust location and covariance estimates is computed, and a covariance estimate is recomputed from it, without centering the data. Useful to work with data whose mean is significantly equal to zero but is not exactly zero. If False, the robust location and covariance are directly computed with the FastMCD algorithm without additional treatment.

support_fractionfloat, default=None

The proportion of points to be included in the support of the raw MCD estimate. If None, the minimum value of support_fraction will be used within the algorithm: [n_sample + n_features + 1] / 2. Range is (0, 1).

contaminationfloat, default=0.1

The amount of contamination of the data set, i.e. the proportion of outliers in the data set. Range is (0, 0.5).

random_stateint or RandomState instance, default=None

Determines the pseudo random number generator for shuffling the data. Pass an int for reproducible results across multiple function calls. See :term: Glossary <random_state>.

Attributes
location_ndarray of shape (n_features,)

Estimated robust location

covariance_ndarray of shape (n_features, n_features)

Estimated robust covariance matrix

precision_ndarray of shape (n_features, n_features)

Estimated pseudo inverse matrix. (stored only if store_precision is True)

support_ndarray of shape (n_samples,)

A mask of the observations that have been used to compute the robust estimates of location and shape.

offset_float

Offset used to define the decision function from the raw scores. We have the relation: decision_function = score_samples - offset_. The offset depends on the contamination parameter and is defined in such a way we obtain the expected number of outliers (samples with decision function < 0) in training.

New in version 0.20.

raw_location_ndarray of shape (n_features,)

The raw robust estimated location before correction and re-weighting.

raw_covariance_ndarray of shape (n_features, n_features)

The raw robust estimated covariance before correction and re-weighting.

raw_support_ndarray of shape (n_samples,)

A mask of the observations that have been used to compute the raw robust estimates of location and shape, before correction and re-weighting.

dist_ndarray of shape (n_samples,)

Mahalanobis distances of the training set (on which fit is called) observations.

See also

EmpiricalCovariance, MinCovDet

Notes

Outlier detection from covariance estimation may break or not perform well in high-dimensional settings. In particular, one will always take care to work with n_samples > n_features ** 2.

References

1

Rousseeuw, P.J., Van Driessen, K. “A fast algorithm for the minimum covariance determinant estimator” Technometrics 41(3), 212 (1999)

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from sklearn.covariance import EllipticEnvelope
>>> true_cov = np.array([[.8, .3],
...                      [.3, .4]])
>>> X = np.random.RandomState(0).multivariate_normal(mean=[0, 0],
...                                                  cov=true_cov,
...                                                  size=500)
>>> cov = EllipticEnvelope(random_state=0).fit(X)
>>> # predict returns 1 for an inlier and -1 for an outlier
>>> cov.predict([[0, 0],
...              [3, 3]])
array([ 1, -1])
>>> cov.covariance_
array([[0.7411..., 0.2535...],
       [0.2535..., 0.3053...]])
>>> cov.location_
array([0.0813... , 0.0427...])

Methods

correct_covariance(data)

Apply a correction to raw Minimum Covariance Determinant estimates.

decision_function(X)

Compute the decision function of the given observations.

error_norm(comp_cov[, norm, scaling, squared])

Computes the Mean Squared Error between two covariance estimators.

fit(X[, y])

Fit the EllipticEnvelope model.

fit_predict(X[, y])

Perform fit on X and returns labels for X.

get_params([deep])

Get parameters for this estimator.

get_precision()

Getter for the precision matrix.

mahalanobis(X)

Computes the squared Mahalanobis distances of given observations.

predict(X)

Predict the labels (1 inlier, -1 outlier) of X according to the fitted model.

reweight_covariance(data)

Re-weight raw Minimum Covariance Determinant estimates.

score(X, y[, sample_weight])

Returns the mean accuracy on the given test data and labels.

score_samples(X)

Compute the negative Mahalanobis distances.

set_params(**params)

Set the parameters of this estimator.
__init__(*, store_precision=True, assume_centered=False, support_fraction=None, contamination=0.1, random_state=None)[source]

Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

correct_covariance(data)[source]

Apply a correction to raw Minimum Covariance Determinant estimates.

Correction using the empirical correction factor suggested by Rousseeuw and Van Driessen in [RVD].

Parameters
dataarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

The data matrix, with p features and n samples. The data set must be the one which was used to compute the raw estimates.

Returns
covariance_correctedndarray of shape (n_features, n_features)

Corrected robust covariance estimate.

References

RVD

A Fast Algorithm for the Minimum Covariance Determinant Estimator, 1999, American Statistical Association and the American Society for Quality, TECHNOMETRICS

decision_function(X)[source]

Compute the decision function of the given observations.

Parameters
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

The data matrix.

Returns
decisionndarray of shape (n_samples, )

Decision function of the samples. It is equal to the shifted Mahalanobis distances. The threshold for being an outlier is 0, which ensures a compatibility with other outlier detection algorithms.

error_norm(comp_cov, norm='frobenius', scaling=True, squared=True)[source]

Computes the Mean Squared Error between two covariance estimators. (In the sense of the Frobenius norm).

Parameters
comp_covarray-like of shape (n_features, n_features)

The covariance to compare with.

norm{“frobenius”, “spectral”}, default=”frobenius”

The type of norm used to compute the error. Available error types: - ‘frobenius’ (default): sqrt(tr(A^t.A)) - ‘spectral’: sqrt(max(eigenvalues(A^t.A)) where A is the error (comp_cov - self.covariance_).

scalingbool, default=True

If True (default), the squared error norm is divided by n_features. If False, the squared error norm is not rescaled.

squaredbool, default=True

Whether to compute the squared error norm or the error norm. If True (default), the squared error norm is returned. If False, the error norm is returned.

Returns
resultfloat

The Mean Squared Error (in the sense of the Frobenius norm) between self and comp_cov covariance estimators.

fit(X, y=None)[source]

Fit the EllipticEnvelope model.

Parameters
X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Training data.

yIgnored

Not used, present for API consistency by convention.

fit_predict(X, y=None)[source]

Perform fit on X and returns labels for X.

Returns -1 for outliers and 1 for inliers.

Parameters
X{array-like, sparse matrix, dataframe} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
yIgnored

Not used, present for API consistency by convention.

Returns
yndarray of shape (n_samples,)

1 for inliers, -1 for outliers.

get_params(deep=True)[source]

Get parameters for this estimator.

Parameters
deepbool, default=True

If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.

Returns
paramsmapping of string to any

Parameter names mapped to their values.

get_precision()[source]

Getter for the precision matrix.

Returns
precision_array-like of shape (n_features, n_features)

The precision matrix associated to the current covariance object.

mahalanobis(X)[source]

Computes the squared Mahalanobis distances of given observations.

Parameters
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

The observations, the Mahalanobis distances of the which we compute. Observations are assumed to be drawn from the same distribution than the data used in fit.

Returns
distndarray of shape (n_samples,)

Squared Mahalanobis distances of the observations.

predict(X)[source]

Predict the labels (1 inlier, -1 outlier) of X according to the fitted model.

Parameters
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

The data matrix.

Returns
is_inlierndarray of shape (n_samples,)

Returns -1 for anomalies/outliers and +1 for inliers.

reweight_covariance(data)[source]

Re-weight raw Minimum Covariance Determinant estimates.

Re-weight observations using Rousseeuw’s method (equivalent to deleting outlying observations from the data set before computing location and covariance estimates) described in [RVDriessen].

Parameters
dataarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

The data matrix, with p features and n samples. The data set must be the one which was used to compute the raw estimates.

Returns
location_reweightedndarray of shape (n_features,)

Re-weighted robust location estimate.

covariance_reweightedndarray of shape (n_features, n_features)

Re-weighted robust covariance estimate.

support_reweightedndarray of shape (n_samples,), dtype=bool

A mask of the observations that have been used to compute the re-weighted robust location and covariance estimates.

References

RVDriessen

A Fast Algorithm for the Minimum Covariance Determinant Estimator, 1999, American Statistical Association and the American Society for Quality, TECHNOMETRICS

score(X, y, sample_weight=None)[source]

Returns the mean accuracy on the given test data and labels.

In multi-label classification, this is the subset accuracy which is a harsh metric since you require for each sample that each label set be correctly predicted.

Parameters
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Test samples.

yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)

True labels for X.

sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None

Sample weights.

Returns
scorefloat

Mean accuracy of self.predict(X) w.r.t. y.

score_samples(X)[source]

Compute the negative Mahalanobis distances.

Parameters
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

The data matrix.

Returns
negative_mahal_distancesarray-like of shape (n_samples,)

Opposite of the Mahalanobis distances.

set_params(**params)[source]

Set the parameters of this estimator.

The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as pipelines). The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.

Parameters
**paramsdict

Estimator parameters.

Returns
selfobject

Estimator instance.