.. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note Click :ref:`here ` to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_model_selection_plot_learning_curve.py: ======================== Plotting Learning Curves ======================== In the first column, first row the learning curve of a naive Bayes classifier is shown for the digits dataset. Note that the training score and the cross-validation score are both not very good at the end. However, the shape of the curve can be found in more complex datasets very often: the training score is very high at the beginning and decreases and the cross-validation score is very low at the beginning and increases. In the second column, first row we see the learning curve of an SVM with RBF kernel. We can see clearly that the training score is still around the maximum and the validation score could be increased with more training samples. The plots in the second row show the times required by the models to train with various sizes of training dataset. The plots in the third row show how much time was required to train the models for each training sizes. .. image:: /auto_examples/model_selection/images/sphx_glr_plot_learning_curve_001.png :alt: Learning Curves (Naive Bayes), Learning Curves (SVM, RBF kernel, $\gamma=0.001$), Scalability of the model, Scalability of the model, Performance of the model, Performance of the model :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. code-block:: default print(__doc__) import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB from sklearn.svm import SVC from sklearn.datasets import load_digits from sklearn.model_selection import learning_curve from sklearn.model_selection import ShuffleSplit def plot_learning_curve(estimator, title, X, y, axes=None, ylim=None, cv=None, n_jobs=None, train_sizes=np.linspace(.1, 1.0, 5)): """ Generate 3 plots: the test and training learning curve, the training samples vs fit times curve, the fit times vs score curve. Parameters ---------- estimator : object type that implements the "fit" and "predict" methods An object of that type which is cloned for each validation. title : string Title for the chart. X : array-like, shape (n_samples, n_features) Training vector, where n_samples is the number of samples and n_features is the number of features. y : array-like, shape (n_samples) or (n_samples, n_features), optional Target relative to X for classification or regression; None for unsupervised learning. axes : array of 3 axes, optional (default=None) Axes to use for plotting the curves. ylim : tuple, shape (ymin, ymax), optional Defines minimum and maximum yvalues plotted. cv : int, cross-validation generator or an iterable, optional Determines the cross-validation splitting strategy. Possible inputs for cv are: - None, to use the default 5-fold cross-validation, - integer, to specify the number of folds. - :term:`CV splitter`, - An iterable yielding (train, test) splits as arrays of indices. For integer/None inputs, if ``y`` is binary or multiclass, :class:`StratifiedKFold` used. If the estimator is not a classifier or if ``y`` is neither binary nor multiclass, :class:`KFold` is used. Refer :ref:`User Guide ` for the various cross-validators that can be used here. n_jobs : int or None, optional (default=None) Number of jobs to run in parallel. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary ` for more details. train_sizes : array-like, shape (n_ticks,), dtype float or int Relative or absolute numbers of training examples that will be used to generate the learning curve. If the dtype is float, it is regarded as a fraction of the maximum size of the training set (that is determined by the selected validation method), i.e. it has to be within (0, 1]. Otherwise it is interpreted as absolute sizes of the training sets. Note that for classification the number of samples usually have to be big enough to contain at least one sample from each class. (default: np.linspace(0.1, 1.0, 5)) """ if axes is None: _, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(20, 5)) axes[0].set_title(title) if ylim is not None: axes[0].set_ylim(*ylim) axes[0].set_xlabel("Training examples") axes[0].set_ylabel("Score") train_sizes, train_scores, test_scores, fit_times, _ = \ learning_curve(estimator, X, y, cv=cv, n_jobs=n_jobs, train_sizes=train_sizes, return_times=True) train_scores_mean = np.mean(train_scores, axis=1) train_scores_std = np.std(train_scores, axis=1) test_scores_mean = np.mean(test_scores, axis=1) test_scores_std = np.std(test_scores, axis=1) fit_times_mean = np.mean(fit_times, axis=1) fit_times_std = np.std(fit_times, axis=1) # Plot learning curve axes[0].grid() axes[0].fill_between(train_sizes, train_scores_mean - train_scores_std, train_scores_mean + train_scores_std, alpha=0.1, color="r") axes[0].fill_between(train_sizes, test_scores_mean - test_scores_std, test_scores_mean + test_scores_std, alpha=0.1, color="g") axes[0].plot(train_sizes, train_scores_mean, 'o-', color="r", label="Training score") axes[0].plot(train_sizes, test_scores_mean, 'o-', color="g", label="Cross-validation score") axes[0].legend(loc="best") # Plot n_samples vs fit_times axes[1].grid() axes[1].plot(train_sizes, fit_times_mean, 'o-') axes[1].fill_between(train_sizes, fit_times_mean - fit_times_std, fit_times_mean + fit_times_std, alpha=0.1) axes[1].set_xlabel("Training examples") axes[1].set_ylabel("fit_times") axes[1].set_title("Scalability of the model") # Plot fit_time vs score axes[2].grid() axes[2].plot(fit_times_mean, test_scores_mean, 'o-') axes[2].fill_between(fit_times_mean, test_scores_mean - test_scores_std, test_scores_mean + test_scores_std, alpha=0.1) axes[2].set_xlabel("fit_times") axes[2].set_ylabel("Score") axes[2].set_title("Performance of the model") return plt fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 2, figsize=(10, 15)) X, y = load_digits(return_X_y=True) title = "Learning Curves (Naive Bayes)" # Cross validation with 100 iterations to get smoother mean test and train # score curves, each time with 20% data randomly selected as a validation set. cv = ShuffleSplit(n_splits=100, test_size=0.2, random_state=0) estimator = GaussianNB() plot_learning_curve(estimator, title, X, y, axes=axes[:, 0], ylim=(0.7, 1.01), cv=cv, n_jobs=4) title = r"Learning Curves (SVM, RBF kernel, $\gamma=0.001$)" # SVC is more expensive so we do a lower number of CV iterations: cv = ShuffleSplit(n_splits=10, test_size=0.2, random_state=0) estimator = SVC(gamma=0.001) plot_learning_curve(estimator, title, X, y, axes=axes[:, 1], ylim=(0.7, 1.01), cv=cv, n_jobs=4) plt.show() .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** ( 0 minutes 3.816 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_model_selection_plot_learning_curve.py: .. only :: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer :class: sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: https://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/0.23.X?urlpath=lab/tree/notebooks/auto_examples/model_selection/plot_learning_curve.ipynb :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_learning_curve.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_learning_curve.ipynb ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_