.. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note Click :ref:`here ` to download the full example code .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_classification_plot_digits_classification.py: ================================ Recognizing hand-written digits ================================ An example showing how the scikit-learn can be used to recognize images of hand-written digits. This example is commented in the :ref:`tutorial section of the user manual `. .. image:: /auto_examples/classification/images/sphx_glr_plot_digits_classification_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out Out: .. code-block:: none Classification report for classifier SVC(C=1.0, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, coef0=0.0, decision_function_shape='ovr', degree=3, gamma=0.001, kernel='rbf', max_iter=-1, probability=False, random_state=None, shrinking=True, tol=0.001, verbose=False): precision recall f1-score support 0 1.00 0.99 0.99 88 1 0.99 0.97 0.98 91 2 0.99 0.99 0.99 86 3 0.98 0.87 0.92 91 4 0.99 0.96 0.97 92 5 0.95 0.97 0.96 91 6 0.99 0.99 0.99 91 7 0.96 0.99 0.97 89 8 0.94 1.00 0.97 88 9 0.93 0.98 0.95 92 micro avg 0.97 0.97 0.97 899 macro avg 0.97 0.97 0.97 899 weighted avg 0.97 0.97 0.97 899 Confusion matrix: [[87 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0] [ 0 88 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 0 85 1 0 0 0 0 0 0] [ 0 0 0 79 0 3 0 4 5 0] [ 0 0 0 0 88 0 0 0 0 4] [ 0 0 0 0 0 88 1 0 0 2] [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 0] [ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 88 0 0] [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 0] [ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 90]] | .. code-block:: default print(__doc__) # Author: Gael Varoquaux # License: BSD 3 clause # Standard scientific Python imports import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Import datasets, classifiers and performance metrics from sklearn import datasets, svm, metrics # The digits dataset digits = datasets.load_digits() # The data that we are interested in is made of 8x8 images of digits, let's # have a look at the first 4 images, stored in the `images` attribute of the # dataset. If we were working from image files, we could load them using # matplotlib.pyplot.imread. Note that each image must have the same size. For these # images, we know which digit they represent: it is given in the 'target' of # the dataset. images_and_labels = list(zip(digits.images, digits.target)) for index, (image, label) in enumerate(images_and_labels[:4]): plt.subplot(2, 4, index + 1) plt.axis('off') plt.imshow(image, cmap=plt.cm.gray_r, interpolation='nearest') plt.title('Training: %i' % label) # To apply a classifier on this data, we need to flatten the image, to # turn the data in a (samples, feature) matrix: n_samples = len(digits.images) data = digits.images.reshape((n_samples, -1)) # Create a classifier: a support vector classifier classifier = svm.SVC(gamma=0.001) # We learn the digits on the first half of the digits classifier.fit(data[:n_samples // 2], digits.target[:n_samples // 2]) # Now predict the value of the digit on the second half: expected = digits.target[n_samples // 2:] predicted = classifier.predict(data[n_samples // 2:]) print("Classification report for classifier %s:\n%s\n" % (classifier, metrics.classification_report(expected, predicted))) print("Confusion matrix:\n%s" % metrics.confusion_matrix(expected, predicted)) images_and_predictions = list(zip(digits.images[n_samples // 2:], predicted)) for index, (image, prediction) in enumerate(images_and_predictions[:4]): plt.subplot(2, 4, index + 5) plt.axis('off') plt.imshow(image, cmap=plt.cm.gray_r, interpolation='nearest') plt.title('Prediction: %i' % prediction) plt.show() .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** ( 0 minutes 0.377 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_classification_plot_digits_classification.py: .. only :: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer :class: sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download :download:`Download Python source code: plot_digits_classification.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_digits_classification.ipynb ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_